Icing
Severe Drag Penalties
Surface
Effect
Friction Coefficient Spike:
Ice texture massively increases surface friction across the upper wing.
Aerodynamic
Effect
Pressure Drag:
The altered wing profile creates a low-pressure wake that physically drags the aircraft backward.
Performance
Effect
Deficient Acceleration:
High drag restricts the aircraft's ability to accelerate to rotation speed (VR) before runway end.